You may choose a paragraph more than once, Each paragruph is manked with letter.Answer-|||-the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.-|||-Reaping the Rewards of Risk-Taking-|||-A)Since Steven Jobs resigned as chief executive of Apple,much has been said about him as a peerless business leader-|||-who has created immense wealth for shareholders, and guided the design of hit products that are transforming-|||-entire industries, like music and mobile communications.-|||-B)All true,but let`s think different, to borrow the Apple marketing slogan of years back. Let`s look at Mr.Jobs as-|||-role model.-|||-C)Above all,he is an innovator(创新者).His creati force is seen in products such as the iPod,iPhone,and-|||-iPad,and in new business models for pricing and distributing music and mobile software online.Studies of-|||-innovation come to the same conclusion:you can`t engincer innovation, but you can increase the odds of it-|||-occurring.And Mr.Jobs`s career can be viewed as a consistent pursuit of improving those odds,both for himself-|||-and the companies be has led.Mr. Jobs,of course, has enjoyed singular succss. But innovation, broadly-|||-dcfined,is the crucial ingredicnt in all cconomi progress -higher growth for nations,more competitive products-|||-for companies, and more prosperous careers for individuals.And Mr.Jobs,many experts say,exemplifies what-|||-works in the innovation game.-|||-D)"We can look at and learn from Steve Jobs what the essence of American innovation is,"says John Kao,an-|||-innovation consultant to corporations and governme Many other nations,Mr.Kao notes,are now ahead of the-|||-United States in producing what are considered the raw materials of innovation.These include government-|||-financing for scientific research, national polici to support emerging industries, educational a-|||-engineers and scientists graduated,even the speeds of Internet broadband service.-|||-E)Yet what other nations typically lack,Mr.Kao adds, is a social environment that encourages diversity,-|||-experimentation,risk-taking,and combining skills from many fields into products that he calls"recombinant mash--|||-ups (带碎重组)," like the iPhone, which redefined the smartphone category."The culture of other countries-|||-doesn`t support the kind of innovation that Steve Jobs exemplifies,as America does,"Mr.John Kao says.-|||-F)Workers of every rank are told these days that wide-ranging curiosity and continuous learning are vital to thriving in-|||-the modern economy.Formal education matters,career counselors say,but real-life experience is often even more-|||-valuable.-|||-G)An adopted child,growing up in Silicon Valley, Mr.Jobs displayed those traits early on.He was fascinated by-|||-electronics as a child,building Heathkit do-it-y projects,like radios.Mr.Jobs dropped out of Reed College-|||-after only a semester and traveled around India in search of spiritual enlightenmen before returning to Silicon-|||-Valley to found Apple with his friend,Stephen Wozniak,an engineering wizard (奇才).Mr.Jobs was forced-|||-out of Apple in 1985,went off and founded two other companies,Next and Pixar,before returning to Apple in-|||-1996 and becoming chief executive in 1997.-|||-H)His path was unique, but innovation experts say the partern of exploratio is not unusual."It`s often people like-|||-Steve Jobs who can draw from a deep reservoir of diverse experiences that often generate breakthrou ideas and-|||-insights,"says Hal Gregersen,a professor at European Institute of Bus Administration.-|||-I)Mr.Gregersen is a co-author of a new book, The Innowator`s DNA which is hased on an eight-year study of 5,000-|||-entreprenewrs(创业者) and cxecutives worldwide. His two collaborators and co-authors are Jeff Dyer, a-|||-professor at Brigham Young University,and Clayton Christensen,a pro at the Harvard Business School,-|||-whose 1997 book The Innovator`s Dilemma popularized the concept of"disnprive(g覆性的)innovat-|||-J) The academics identify five traits that are common to the disnuptive innovatnrs questioning, experimentin-|||-abserving,associating and networking. Their bundle of characteristics cchoes the ceaseless curiosity and-|||-willingness to take risks noted by other experts. Networking, Mr.Hal Gregersen explains, i less about career-|||-building relationships th consistent search for new ideas. Associating,he adds, is the ability to make idea--|||-producing connections by linking concepts from different disciplines.-|||-K)Innovators engage in these mental activities regularly,"Mr. Gregersen says."It`s a habit for them."Innovative-|||-companics, according to the authors, typically enjoy higher valuations in the stock market,which they call an-|||-"mnoutionpreminm(if)." li by estimating the share of a company`s value that cannot be-|||-accounted for by its current products and cash flow.The innovation premium tries to quantify(量化)investors`-|||-bets that a company will do even better in the future because of innovation.-|||-L)Apple,by their calculations,had a 37 percent innovation premiu during Mr.Jobs`s first term with the company.-|||-His years in exile resulted in a 31 percent innovation discount. After his return,Apple`s fortunes improved-|||-gradually at first,and improved markedly starting in 2005,yielding a 52 percent innovation premium since then.-|||-M) There is no conclusive proof,but Mr.Hal Gregersen says it is unlikely that Mr.Jobs could have reshaped-|||-industries beyond computi as he has done in his second term at Apple,without the experience outside the-|||-company,especially at Pixar-the computer animation(动画制作)studio tha created a string of critically and-|||-commercially successuu mo such as"Toy Story"and"Up."-|||-N)Mr.Jobs suggested much the same thing during a commencement address to the graduating class at Stanford-|||-University in 2005."It tu out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened-|||-to me," he told the students.Mr.Jobs also spoke of perseverance(坚持)and will power."Sometimes life hits-|||-you in the head with a brick," he said."Don`t lose faith."-|||-O)Mr.Jobs ended his commencement talk with a call to innovation,both in one`s choice of work and in one`s life.-|||-Be curious,experiment,tak risks,he said to the students.His advice was emphasized by the words on the back-|||-of the final edition of The Whole Earth Catalog,which he quoted:"Stay hungry.Stay foolish.""And,"Mr.-|||-Jobs said,"I have always wished that for myself.And now,as you graduate to begin anew,I wish that for you."-|||-46.Steve Jobs called on Stanford graduates to innovate in his commencement address-|||-47.Steve Jobs considered himself lucky to have been fired once by Apple.-|||-48.Steve Jobs once used computers to make movies that were commercial hits.-|||-49.Many governments have done more than the US government in providing the raw materials for innovation.-|||-50.Great innovator are good at connecting concep from various academic fields.-|||-51.Innovation is vital to driving economic progress,-|||-52.America has a social environment is particular favorable to innovation-|||-53.Innovative ideas often come from diverse experiences.-|||-54.Real-life experience is often more important than formal education for career success.-|||-55.Apple`s fortunes suffered from an innovation discount durin Jobs` absence.