Fo each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose-|||-the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.-|||-(A)-|||-War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the-|||-human species. Natural impulses of anger,hostility, and territoria地盘性)are expressed-|||-through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. Aggression is a-|||-kind of innate( 天生的)survival mechanism,an instinct for self-preservation that allows animals-|||-to defend themselves from threats to their existences. But on the other hand,human violence-|||-shows evidence of being a learned behaviour.In the case of human aggression, violence cann-|||-be simply reduced to an instinct.The many expressions of human violence are always-|||-conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behaviour. In human societies-|||-violence has a social function.It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order.-|||-Religious traditions have taken a leading role in directing the powers of violence. We will look-|||-at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been directed.-|||-The violence within a society is controlled through instit of law. The more developed-|||-a legal system becomes,the more society takes responsibil for the discovery,control,and-|||-punishment of violent acts.In most tribal societies,the only means to deal with an act of-|||-violence is revenge.Each family group may have the responsibility for person carrying out-|||-judgment and punishment upon the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems,the-|||-responsibility for reveng becomes depersonalizeed a diffused. The society assumes the-|||-responsibility for protec individuals from violence In cases where they cannot be protected,-|||-the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state-controlled legal system,-|||-individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the state-|||-assumes the responsibilit for their protection.-|||-The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. While the one-|||-protects the individual from violence,the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the-|||-interests of the state.In war the state affirms its supreme power over the individuals within-|||-its own borders.War is not simply a trial by combating to settle disputes between states;it-|||-is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their-|||-commitment,allegiance, an supreme sacrifice. Times of war test a community`s deepest-|||-religious and ethical commitments.-|||-() 56.Human violence shows evidence of being a learned behaviour in that __ 一-|||-A.it threatens the existing social systems-|||-B.it is influenced by society-|||-C.it has roots in religious conflicts-|||-D.it is directed against institut of law-|||-() 57.The function of legal systems,according to the passage,is __-|||-A.to control violence within a society-|||-B.to protect the world from chaos-|||-C.to free society from the idea of revenge-|||-D.to give the government absolute power-|||-() 58.The underlined word" allegiance"in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to-|||-__-|||-A.loyalty B.objective C.survival D.motive-|||-() 59.What can we learn from the last paragraph?-|||-A.Governments tend to abuse their supreme power in times of war.-|||-B.In times of war,governments may extend their power across national borders.-|||-C.In times of war,governments impose high religious and ethical standards on their-|||-people.-|||-D.Governments may sacrifice individuals in the interests of the state in times of war.Section B Directions:Read the following three passages.Each passage is followed by several questions or unfnished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the one that fus best according to the information given in the passage you have read. (A) War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural impulses of anger,hostility, and territoriality( 地盘性)are expressed through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. Aggression is a kind of innate(_天生的)survival mechanism,an instinct for self-prescrvation that allows animals to defend themsclves from threats to their existences. But on the other hand,human violence shows evidence of being a learned behaviour. In the case of human aggression,violence cannot be simply reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behaviour. In human societies iolence has a sociaì function. It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order. Religious traditions have taken a leading role in directing the powers of viclence.We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been directed. The viclence within a society is controlled through institutions of law.The more developed a legal system becomes,the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control,and punishment of violent acts. In most tribal societies,the only means to deal with an act of violence is revenge.Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgment and punishment upon the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems,the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protcctcd, the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state-controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge motivated by acts of violence.And the state assumes the responsibility for their protection. The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. While the one protects the individual from violence,the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state.In war the state affir ms its supreme power over the individuals within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combating to settle disputes hetween states;it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people lor theit commitment,_allegiance,and supreme saerifice. Times of war test a community's deepest religious and cthical comnitments. )56. Human violence shows evidence of being a learned behaviour in that_-

Section B Directions:Read the following three passages.Each passage is followed by several questions or unfnished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the one that fus best according to the information given in the passage you have read. (A) War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural impulses of anger,hostility, and territoriality( 地盘性)are expressed through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. Aggression is a kind of innate(_天生的)survival mechanism,an instinct for self-prescrvation that allows animals to defend themsclves from threats to their existences. But on the other hand,human violence shows evidence of being a learned behaviour. In the case of human aggression,violence cannot be simply reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behaviour. In human societies iolence has a sociaì function. It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order. Religious traditions have taken a leading role in directing the powers of viclence.We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been directed. The viclence within a society is controlled through institutions of law.The more developed a legal system becomes,the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control,and punishment of violent acts. In most tribal societies,the only means to deal with an act of violence is revenge.Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgment and punishment upon the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems,the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protcctcd, the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state-controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge motivated by acts of violence.And the state assumes the responsibility for their protection. The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. While the one protects the individual from violence,the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state.In war the state affir ms its supreme power over the individuals within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combating to settle disputes hetween states;it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people lor theit commitment,_allegiance,and supreme saerifice. Times of war test a community's deepest religious and cthical comnitments. )56. Human violence shows evidence of being a learned behaviour in that_- A. it threatens the existing socia! systems B.t is influenced by society C.it has roots in religious conflicts D.it is directed against institutions of law ( )57.The function of legal systems, according to the passage, is_- A. to control violence within a society B.to protect the world from chaos C. to free socicty from the idea of revenge D. to give the government absolute power ( )58.The underlined word" allegiance" in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to _. A. loyalty B. Objective C. Survival D.Motive ( )59,What can we leam from the last paragraph? A.Governments tend to abuse their supreme power in times of war. B.In times of war,governments may extend their power across national borders. C. In times of war,governments impose high religious and ethical standards on their people. D.Governments may sacrifice indivicuats in the interests of the state in times of war.